SUMMER ACTIVITIES

Enjoy your summer holidays!

Hello guys!
This post is just to tell you that, as you know, I had a car accident last Sunday so I couldn't work last week.
I had told you to have a final exam in order to give you an extra chance to pass or improve your grades, but finally I had estimated an average with your previous marks, It's not really important because I'm continuously doing an ongoing assesment of your progress, so I can be fair enough... I hope you don't feel disappointed.
It has been a pleasure teaching you guys!
Enjoy your summer holidays!!

EXAM REVIEW

What are the main components of the atmosphere?


Why is oxygen important?


What are the functions of the atmosphere?
 

What are the names of the four layers of the atmosphere?



What are clouds?



What's precipitation? How may it occur? What does it depend on?



What's the difference between weather and climate?


What's atmospheric pressure?



What's global warming?



What's acid rain?



What has caused a hole in the ozone layer?


Where does air pollution come from?

GUIDELINES FOR THE GROUP WORK

The Power point should include at least:

Definition of the atmospheric problem
Causes
Future consequences
Possible solutions
A short piece of advice to improve our daily routines in order to reduce the impacts of the environmental problems.

It can also include explanatory videos, pictures, etc...

Don't forget this work will be an important part of your C7 and C8 grade. Good luck!

Aurora borealis explained

Layers of the atmosphere

EXAM REVIEW (POSSIBLE QUESTIONS)

What are vertebrates?

Vertebrates are animals with an internal bony skeleton with a spinal column.

Which classes of vertebrate animals are there?

This taxonomic group has five classes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

How do fish breathe?

They breathe through their gills.

What's the operculum?

The operculum is  an structure that covers the gills. 

What's the lateral line?

It's a sensory organ used by fish to detect movement in the water.

How do amphibians breathe?

They breathe through gills when they're tadpoles and through lungs and their skin when they are adults.

Which groups of reptiles do you know? Give examples of each

There are 3 groups: Chelonia (tortoises and turtles), Squamata (lizards, snakes and chameleons) and Crocodylia (crocodyles, alligators and caimans)

What do reptiles eat?

Most reptiles are carnivorous but some are herbivorous.

What's does the shape of a bird's beak depend on?

It depends on the bird's diet.

What are the main characteristics of mammals?

Mammals have a body covered with fur, mammary glands to feed their babies on milk. They are homeotherms and breathe through lungs.

What types of mammals do you know?

There are three big groups of mammals: monotremes, marsupials and placentals.

What's the main difference between monotremes and marsupial mammals?

Monotremes are oviparous and marsupials are viviparous

What's the main difference between marsupials and placental mammals?

Young marsupials complete their development in an external pouch where the mammary glands are and placentals are already well developed when they're born.

What are the main characteristics of the human species?

Our body is covered with down, we have opposable thumbs, we can stand upright and our brain is highly developed

MAMMALS

BIRDS

LIFECYCLE OF A FROG

FISH

EXAM REVIEW (POSSIBLE QUESTIONS)

Which are the main characteristics of animals?

They are heterotrophic, multicellular and composed of eukaryotic cells

What are the three vital functions that animals perform?

Nutrition, interaction and reproduction

Which are the main differences between invertebrates and vertebrates?

Vertebrates have a spinal column and invertebrates don't

Which types of invertebrates do you know?

Sponges, cnidarians, molluscs, annelids, arthropods and echinoderms

What type of nutrition do sponges have?

They are filter feeders, they use flagella to move water so that it passes through their pores and they can get nutrients from it.

Which types of body shape can cnidarians have?

They have two different body shapes: polyp and medusae


Which types of molluscs do you know?

Bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods

What's a radula?

A tongue with very small teeth for biting and chewing food


How do annelids breathe?

They have cutaneus respiration (they breathe through the skin)


What's an exoskeleton?

An external skeleton that protects the animal



Why do arthropods moult?

Because they need to shed their exoskeleton to continue growing


What's metamorphosis?


Is the process by which some species change how they look as they grow


Which are the 4 different groups of arthropods?

Myriapods, arachnids, insects and crustaceans


How do echinoderms move?

They have a system of ambulacra with small structures called tube feet

INSECTS

LIFECYCLE OF A BUTTERFLY

TYPES OF MOLLUSCS

HYDRA VIRIDIS

Hydrae are the only cnidarians that live in freshwater, they are very small and they are always polyps.

JELLYFISH BIRTH

In this video you can see how jellyfish are born asexually by budding (polyp), they are born as ephirae and they quickly become medusae. Medusae reproduce sexually (male and female gametes). This completes the lifecycle of the jellyfish.

CORALS EATING

In this video you can see how corals are artificially feed, corals are cnidarians and they only have the polyp body shape.

PHYLUM CNIDARIA: ANEMONES

HOW DO SPONGES EAT?

As you should know sponges are filter feeders, they move water around them ( with the help of choanocytes) to get nutrients from it. You can see the evidence in this video.
Sponges are the simplest animals on Earth and they constitute the phylum PORIFERA.

EXAM REVIEW (POSSIBLE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS)

Why are plants autotrophic organisms? 

Because they can make their own food

What's chlorophyll? 
 

It's a green pigment that all plants have and need to absorb sunlight

What do plants need to perform photosynthesis? 

Sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and minerals/mineral salts

Which substances are produced during photosynthesis? 

Oxygen and glucose

Where does photosynthesis take place? 

In the leaves of all plants 

What types of non-vascular plants are there? 

Mosses and liverworts

What's the function of flowers?

Reproduction of plants

What types of flowering plants are there? 

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

What is pollination?

It's a process by which pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma

What is fertilisation? 

Is the process by which male and female gametes join and form fruits and seeds

EDIBLE PARTS OF PLANTS

As we have seen, plants create their own food through the process of photosynthesis, they can store the food they create in any of their parts: roots, stems, leaves, flowers...

This food is useful for us too, we can eat any part of a plant. Plants have plenty of healthy vitamins and carbohydrats and are an excellent source of food for humans.

Some examples of edible plants are the following:

ROOTS:, carrot, beetroot, turnip, radish...

STEMS: onion, celery,  potatoe, leek, asparagus, garlic...

LEAVES: lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chard, parsley...

FRUITS: apple, tomatoe, peach, grapes, strawberries, prun...

SEEDS: sunflower seeds, rice, corn, wheat, beans, peas, lentils, coffee, almond, hazelnut...

FLOWERS: cauliflower, broccoli, artichoke, caper, saffron, tea...

FERNS

Ferns are the most primitive of the vascular plants. They have a system of highly developed conduits to transport the sap ( xylem and phloem). Their parts are also named differently from the typical parts of flowering plants. They reproduce by spores that mature in the sporangia called sorus.

MOSSES

Mosses are considered non-vascular plants because their conduits to transport the sap aren't well depeloped. They also reproduce by spores (they don't have seeds or flowers) and their parts have different names than flowering plants.

 

LIVERWORTS

Here you can see different species of liverworts. Remember they are primitive plants that live in dark and wet places (fountains and rivers) and don't have real conduits to transport the sap. They reproduce by spores that are formed in a capsule.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS DIAGRAM

KINGDOMS QUIZ

http://m.quiz.biz/quizz-606543.html

 This is a link for a quiz to help you classify living things. There is a mistake, can you find it?

EXAM REVISION (possible questions)

Next Friday (February 13th), you'll have an exam to check what you have learnt in Unit 9, here you are some examples of possible questions:


Who was Linnaeus and what did he invent?

Why is it important to classify living things?

What is a virus?What kingdom is it included in? 

Make a drawing of the different types of bacteria according to their shapes and name them. Why can bacteria be "good or bad"?

Make a mind map of the different types of protists.

Make a drawing of the different types of protozoa and explain them giving examples.

Amazing mushrooms

Have a look at the amazing shapes of some mushrooms

Parts of a mushroom and reproductive cycle

This is a classic mushroom with its typical parts. Mushrooms need moisture to appear, they are the fruiting body of the fungus which is usually under the stem, in the substratum. The spores are formed in the gills, fungi don't always have gills, they can have a different structure to produce spores like the pores you can see in fungi like Boletus sp. They can have all the parts above or just some of them: scales, ring and volva aren't always present, it depends on the species.

 

In the second picture you can see how mushrooms reproduce. They don't have real tissue and form long structures called hyphae. A large number of hyphae is called mycelium. When conditions are favorable the mycelium forms the fruiting bodies, that's what we can see and they're called mushrooms. They produce spores and the cycle starts again.

FUNGI

CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI:

-EUKARYOTIC
-SINGLE-CELLED OR MULTICELLULAR
-HETEROTROPHS (they can't make their own food because they don't have chlorophyll for photosynthesis)
-THEY HAVE A CELL WALL MADE OF CHITIN
-THEY GROW IN WET PLACES (they need humidity to grow)

TYPES OF FUNGI:

SINGLE-CELLED: YEASTS

Yeast are important because they cause fermentation  and are used to make various products such as bread, beer or wine

MULTICELLULAR: MOULDS AND MUSHROOMS

Their cells are grouped into filaments called hyphae. Moulds are very important in ecosistems because they are decomposers.
Mushrooms can be toxic or edible, some of them are a great source of nutrients and have excellent flavours like Boletus edulis or Amanita caesarea. Others are very poisonous and they can kill people like Amanita phalloides.

TYPES OF ALGAE

GREEN ALGAE

BROWN ALGAE

RED ALGAE

MICROORGANISMS AND DISEASE

Some microorganisms cause diseases, have a look a the chart about microbes and the diseases they can cause:

WATCH AN AMOEBA EATING TWO PARAMECIA

VIDEO ABOUT PROTOZOA

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BACTERIA

These are Cocci, they are spherical in shape. Cocci cause many bacterial infections in humans, such as strep throat, pneumonia, food poisoning, otitis media, various skin diseases, meningitis and severe types of septic shock.




These are bacillus, they are cylindrical in shape. Some are pathogens and cause diseases such as but others are beneficial and used to make yoghourt and other products.

Numerous enzymes, antibiotics and other metabolites have medical, agricultural, pharmaceutical and other industrial applications. Examples of antibiotics formed by Bacillus spp include bacitracin.

They form spores which are a method of surviving unfavourable conditions.



Spirilla are spiral shaped as you can see, they cause diseases like siphilis .




Finally vibrios are comma shaped bacteria, some of them, for example Vibrio vulnificus can cause serious illness when you eat seafood.

VIDEO ABOUT BACTERIA

VIRUSES AND BACTERIA

VIRUSES

A virus is a germ that can cause infections like chicken pox and measles.

Each virus particle contains a recipe for making copies of itself. Viruses have keys that can line up with the lock on the surface of your cells, and if there is a match, the key opens the lock and the virus enters the cell! The virus then uses the ingredients inside to make millions of clones of itself.

These burst out of the cell, and infect more and more other cells and eventually cause a viral infection! There are loads of different viruses, but your immune system keeps them in check!
Here you can see some of the most important viruses: